Category: Wildlife watching

Given their relevance and that they are my favourite group of birds, I have decided to include here all the birds of prey of Extremadura. Regardless of the ecosystems in which they live, I have classified them into diurnal and nocturnal.

To be able to observe a single threatened bird of prey is well worth a field trip and in Extremadura, fortunately, this happens very often.

The birds of prey in Extremadura are probably the best known group of birds, and the one that attracts most bird lovers. There are different groups, all of them predators or scavengers and they feed from small invertebrates to large mammals.

Types of birds of prey

On one side we have the scavengers which are the 4 species of vultures. On the other hand the eagles, 6 species of eagles ranging from the great golden eagle to the small booted eagle. We also have 2 species of kites, 4 species of harriers, the buzzard, the goshawk, the sparrowhawk and several falconids.

Less well known but no less exciting is the world of nocturnal raptors, all of them predators. In Extremadura we have seven species ranging from the eurasian eagle owl to the tiny scops owl.

To a greater or lesser extent, all the birds of prey in Extremadura are threatened. Loss of habitat, shortage of prey, poisoning of prey by the use of pesticides, illegal hunting, human disturbance and a long etc.

The use of rodenticides is one of the main threats, as we are not aware that the best rodenticide are the raptors themselves. 80% of birds of prey feed more or less on rodents. However, the poison used in modern agricultural practices accumulates along the food chain. As the last link in the chain, raptors accumulate higher levels of poison until it becomes lethal.

There is reason for hope, however, as there are several species whose populations have increased in recent years and none are currently critically endangered.

There are dozens of different species of Mediterranean mountain birds, but in order not to extend too much, here I show you the most significant ones.

Azure-winged magpie Cyanopica cooki

Corvid of small size but very colourful, it stands out for its long blue tail, as well as the end of its wings. It travels in large groups in search of food, feeding on all kinds of fruits and invertebrates, although it does not make small reptiles or birds look bad either. Few birds in the Mediterranean mountains have a better ability to adapt. It is very abundant in practically all the pastures, fruit crops, olive groves, vineyards, banks and pine forests of the community.

Black redstart Phoenicrurus ochruros

The size of a sparrow, it is characterized by its dark gray color and reddish tail. It nests in areas with rocks, cliffs, crags… but also in human constructions, since it tolerates the presence of man quite a lot. Present all year round in the region, its population increases in winter due to micro-migrations from more northern regions. It lives in crops, livestock areas, pastures… and feeds mainly on insects.

Carrion crow Corvus corone

After the common raven, it is the second largest corvid. Abundant throughout the Iberian Peninsula, it is not especially frequent in Extremadura. We can observe it sometimes in open areas, pastures, cultivated fields… Apart from its size, which is noticeably smaller, it is easily distinguished from the raven in flight, as it flaps more frequently and hovers less. Like all corvids, it is an excellent opportunist and will take advantage of any occasion to feed, be it animal or vegetable food.

Common blackbird Turdus merula

One of the most typical inhabitants of our towns and cities, unlike the sparrow can survive perfectly away from human presence. It differs from the also abundant starling by its yellow beak and much longer tail. Its natural habitats are the banks, meadows, bushes… It can also live in fruit crops, orchards, parks and gardens. The blackbird feeds on worms, worms and insects as well as all kinds of fruits and berries. Very abundant in Extremadura, it is distributed throughout the region.

Common house martin Delichon urbicum

Of all martin, it is the most urban and is reproduced mainly on building cornices, although it can also be reproduced on large bridges. It is an insectivorous bird that visits us in the hot season to reproduce and feeds on insects it captures in flight. The common house martin is easily identified by its white bishop. Its population is numerous, stable and does not suffer great threats.

Common linnet Carduelis cannabina

The linnet is widely distributed throughout Spain and is also frequent in Extremadura. Gregarious, they make partial migrations in the winter months towards areas with warmer temperatures. In Extremadura, therefore, the population increases during the winter months. It feeds mainly on seeds, although during the breeding period insects form an important part of its diet. It has a preference for open areas, whether woodland or scrubland, almost always near cereal crops.

Common pheasant Phasianus colchicus

The pheasant is not a bird native to the country, but we can occasionally see specimens, mainly from hunting releases. It is a good-sized hen, with significant sexual dimorphism between the male and female, which likes to inhabit mosaics of copses and crops. There are currently some feral populations, although they are rather scarce. The best places to observe them are those hunting grounds where they are frequently released.

Common starling Sturnus vulgaris

Like the black starling, it is a very common bird in all types of ecosystems. Traditionally in Extremadura it was a hibernating bird but there is a growing breeding population throughout the Peninsula. In winter, large flocks arrive in the region from central and northern Europe. It differs from the black starling in that its plumage is mottled with yellowish-white spots, especially visible in winter. Like the black starling, its presence is closely linked to human activity and its diet is very similar.

Common swift Apus apus

It is greyish brown in colour, only its slightly whitish throat stands out. Large fliers, they capture all the insects that they feed on in the air, being able to get to sleep in flight. In the breeding season they use holes in all kinds of buildings or even palms to nest. Present in spring and summer in the region, their strident shrieks flood the villages with sound at sunset. Their great ability to fly allows them to spread out over all kinds of habitats, the only condition being the availability of nesting places in the breeding season.

Common wood pigeon Columba palumbus

Another one of the most typical Mediterranean mountain birds, very abundant in the holm oak and cork oak forests of Extremadura. There is an important resident and breeding population, which is reinforced by the tens of thousands of individuals that migrate from the northern European countries and come in winter. Sometimes we can witness flocks of hundreds or even thousands of individuals at the time of migration.

Dartford warbler Sylvia undata

Small-sized warbler, it is unmistakable by its colors: dull blue back and wine colored chest and belly. It also has a very long tail, generally upright, and is closely linked to the dense Mediterranean scrub. Present all year round in Extremadura, it feeds on insects in spring and summer, changing to fruits and seeds in autumn and winter. Its habitat is expanding (mainly rockrose and heather thickets), so its populations are not threatened.

Eurasian collared dove Streptopelia decaocto

Slightly larger than the european turtle dove, despite not being native to the region or the country, there have been stable and growing populations for several decades. It adapts incredibly well to almost all types of habitat and also to human presence. This dove feeds mainly on seeds and cereal grains and is frequently seen in parks and gardens. Even though we have included it among mediterranean mountain birds, it is almost always found in anthropised environments and can lay several clutches a year.

Eurasian hoopoe Upupa epops

Another colorful insectivorous bird, which nests in wall cavities or dry trees. In Extremadura it is present all year round (in the northern half of Spain it is migratory). It is characterised by a long crest along its entire head and its black and white wings. The eurasian hoopoe frequents meadows, crops and areas with few trees. It is distributed throughout the region in the ecosystems mentioned above.

Eurasian magpie Pica pica

It is one of the most intelligent, if not the most intelligent, of the Mediterranean mountain birds and is characterised by an incredible capacity to adapt. The eurasian magpie has conquered all kinds of habitats, including towns and cities in which its population has skyrocketed. Its black and white colours make it unmistakable and it is especially abundant in meadows, riverside woods and urban parks. It feeds mainly on small vertebrates, eggs, fruit, carrion… and can associate to hunt in groups larger prey such as small rabbits. Present all year round in the region, the population increase year after year.

Eurasian tree sparrow Passer montanus

It is the smallest of the sparrows and, being more delicate than other species, its population trend is declining. It is the most forest-dwelling of all sparrows, but still prefers open woodland. Abundant throughout the region, its preferred habitats are crop fields with trees, parks, orchards and the outskirts of towns and cities wherever there are trees. Similar in colouring to the house sparrow, its “hood” is brown, with a black spot on the cheek and a whitish collar interrupted at the nape of the neck. Females have virtually identical plumage to males.

European bee-eater Merops apiaster

Slightly larger than a backbird, this bird is one of the most beatiful mediterranean mountain birds. It floods the countryside with its typical song during the spring and summer months. The european bee-eater feeds on insects and flies over all kinds of ecosystems in search of flying insects that it catches with its acrobatic flights. It nests in galleries excavated in earthen slopes, generally near rivers. It is abundant throughout the community and although the use of insecticides is having a negative impact on their populations, it is still abundant.

European goldfinch Carduelis carduelis

Another of the most common Mediterranean mountain birds, it is clearly unmistakable by its red face and black and white head bands. Its song is very pleasant so some specimens are captured and caged. Present all year round in the region, its typical diet is thistle seeds although it complements it with flower buds and other seeds. It adapts to a large number of habitats provided there is some woodland. It sometimes forms mixed groups with other species: linnets, serins or greenfinches.

European robin Erithacus rubecula

A little smaller than a sparrow, it is characterized by its orange-red chest and its melodious songs. In winter it is present throughout the region but only breeds in the northern third. In winter we can find it in all types of Mediterranean environments, even settling in parks and gardens. Mainly insectivorous, it can also feed on small fruits and seeds.

European serin Serinus serinus

Small passerine, common throughout the Iberian Peninsula and also in Extremadura throughout the year. Being a partial migrant, in winter Extremadura hosts populations from more northern regions, both in Spain and the rest of Europe. Very common in olive groves and citrus crops, it can be found in practically any open forest, as long as it is not at high altitude. It feeds mainly on seeds, although it also feeds seasonally on fruits and insects. Easily identifiable by its yellowish-brown colors, it could only be confused with the eurasian siskin (it has yellowish-green bands that the serin does not have) or with the citril finch, which generally inhabits higher altitudes.

European turtle dove Streptopelia turtur

This small “pigeon” is one of the species whose populations have been most drastically reduced in recent decades. It was one of the most abundant Mediterranean mountain birds. Loss of habitat, agricultural practices that do not benefit it at all and excessive hunting pressure have made this once-abundant species increasingly rare. A typical inhabitant of grasslands, crops and riverbanks, in late summer it feeds almost exclusively on grain in the stubble fields to gather fat for its migration to Africa. It is present throughout the community.

Fieldfare Turdus pilaris

A large thrush, similar in size to the Mistle Thrush, from which it is clearly differentiated by its totally different colouring. It has a bluish-grey head and obisk, a greyish-brown back and a lighter, spotted breast. Not very common in Extremadura, it can be found in different types of habitat. Pastures, scrubland, crops, parks… although also deciduous and coniferous forests. It feeds mainly on fruits and berries and in summer migrates to northern Europe to breed. It also suffers some hunting pressure, although less than its congeners due to its more wooded habits.

Iberian grey shrike Lanius meridionalis 

The biggest shrike present in the Iberian Peninsula. It differs from the common one in that its entire back is grey and it is much larger. It has the same predatory behaviour as the common one, although it is capable of capturing much larger prey. The great grey shrike is accustomed to alighting on light poles and platforms with a certain height from which it can see its possible prey. It is a sedentary species whose populations have also suffered a notable decline, despite which it is still present throughout the region.

House sparrow Passer domesticus

Probably the most frequent bird in the Iberian Peninsula, it has evolved in such a way that its existence is totally linked to human being. This dependence is such that when a village becomes unpopulated, the sparrows soon disappear. It is the urban and rural bird par excellence, reproducing in the urban areas themselves and feeding in the surroundings. It is mainly a granivorous bird, although it does not disdain fruit, food waste, insects… and we find it all over the region.

Meadow pipit Anthus pratensis

The size of a sparrow, it is present in irrigated crops, grasslands and other open spaces with few trees. Its cryptic plumage makes it camouflage very well with the ground and is difficult to locate. Present in Extremadura during winter, it feeds on small invertebrates and some seeds. Globally its population is in decline but in Extremadura it is not threatened.

Mistle thrush Turdus viscivorus

Larger than the common thrush (more than twice as large), and with a slightly duller back, it is easily identified. We find it in forests not too dense with oaks, holm oaks, cork oaks, pines and chestnut trees. It feeds on both invertebrates and small fruits and despite being a hunting species its populations are not threatened. It is distributed throughout the region, being a little more scarce in the southern half of the province of Badajoz.

Pallid swift Apus pallidus

Very similar to the common swift, it differs from the common swift in having lighter, browner colours and a lighter throat. Its songs are quite different and can be a good method of identification in low light conditions. With gregarious habits, it can be seen in practically any habitat, generally with sparse woodland. It is a summer bird in the region, although the first specimens arrive in February and the last ones leave at the end of October. The pallid swift usually nests in large buildings in urban areas, although it can also use cliffs or other buildings. It feeds mainly on flying insects.

Red-backed shrike Lanius collurio

This shrike winters in Africa and breeds mainly in Europe. Although it is more typical of northern Spain / Europe, we can see some pairs in Extremadura during the breeding season. Like other shrikes, it likes to live in open spaces with thorny thickets, so we include it among Mediterranean mountain birds. Similar in size to the Woodchat Shrike, it is rather less frequent. It can be found mainly in the north of Cáceres and especially the male has very marked colors.

Red-legged partridge Alectoris rufa

A key part of Extremadura’s ecosystems, due to the scarcity of rabbits in some areas it has become one of the main prey for some threatened predators. Although it adapts to all kinds of environments, it has a predilection for ecotones between the Mediterranean mountain, pastureland, steppes and dry farming, where it often feeds. It is usually found in groups ranging from 3 or 4 to 20 individuals. It is especially abundant where it does not suffer great hunting pressure and is distributed throughout the region.

Red-rumped swallow Cecropis daurica

Similar to the barn swallow, it differs from it by its ochre spots on the back of the neck and just above the bishop’s head, which is whitish as in the common plane. Much less abundant than the common swallow, it is also less associated with rural environments, building its nests on bridges and buildings.  Especially abundant on the bridges of Tajo and Almonte rivers in Alcántara lake.

Redwing Turdus iliacus

A small thrush, very similar to the common thrush, from which it differs mainly in that it has a reddish band on its breast. Its populations are fairly abundant, although they are under great hunting pressure and their future is uncertain. A regular inhabitant of vineyards, olive groves and other crops in the Mediterranean scrubland, it visits our region in autumn and migrates in spring. It adapts to many types of habitat, as long as there are scattered shrubs and trees.

Rock bunting Emberiza cia

Similar in size to a sparrow, it is characterized by its brown back and 3 black stripes on its head, which are gray. It lives on slopes with low, thorny scrub, with some scattered trees. It is distributed throughout Extremadura, whenever we find these habitats. The rock bunting feeds mainly on seeds and shoots, although it can also eat insects. It is present all year round and frequent in the ecosystems it inhabits, and currently has no conservation problems.

Rufous-tailed scrub robin Cercotrichas galactotes

The size of a sparrow and reddish-brown with an orange tail, it is often lifted, hence its name. It is a very typical bird of olive groves, vineyards, almond or fig groves and the surrounding bushes. It feeds on small invertebrates: insects, worms… and visits the region to reproduce. Pesticide abuse and modern agricultural practices are having a negative impact on their populations.

Sardinian warbler Sylvia melanocephala

Present all year round in Extremadura, it is a typical inhabitant of Mediterranean scrubland, as well as meadows, hedges, brambles, gardens… The male is unmistakable for having a grey back, a black head and a red eye ring. The female has duller colours with a grey head and brown back. This small bird feeds mainly on insects, although it can also eat berries and wild fruits. It is distributed throughout the region with a healthy and increasing population.

Song thrush Turdus philomelos

One of the most common Mediterranean mountain birds, comes in winter in large numbers to Extremadura. The population is still abundant, although it has been greatly reduced by over-hunting. It feeds on small invertebrates as well as fruits, berries and seeds, being very common in pastures, scrublands, olive groves, vineyards… It also frequents forests and adapts to practically any type of environment, provided that there are trees nearby.

Spanish sparrow Passer hispanoliensis

A very gregarious species that feeds mainly on plant matter. It is especially abundant in Extremadura, where most of the population of the Peninsula is found. In winter they carry out micro-migrations to warmer areas, in our case the populations in the north of the Iberian Peninsula migrate to Extremadura and Andalusia. Their population is undergoing significant growth due to their great capacity for adaptation. Females are very difficult to distinguish from the House Sparrow. In the case of males, they lack the grey crown and the black bib extends over the breast, as well as black stripes on the back.

Spectacled warbler Sylvia conspicillata

A fairly abundant warbler species that visits our country in spring/summer to breed and then migrates to Africa in winter. More abundant in the province of Cáceres than in the province of Badajoz, it has a predilection for areas of Mediterranean scrub, although it can also be found in open juniper and sabine woodland and in periurban areas. Small in size, it is characterised by a reddish-brown band on its wings, and males have a dark grey head and white throat. Like other warblers, it feeds on insects and some fruits and seeds.

Spotless starling Sturnus unicolor

We include this well-known bird in Mediterranean mountain birds, although we can find it in all kinds of habitats. Very abundant throughout Extremadura and the Iberian Peninsula, it is one of the most typical birds of our towns and cities but also of pastures, forests, steppes, crops… It is closely linked to man as it feeds on fruits and seeds as well as invertebrates, often linked to livestock. It is easily identified by its black plumage (young birds are usually brown) and its beak is yellow in summer and dark in winter.

Stock dove Columba oenas

Much smaller in size than its relative the wood pigeon, the elusive stock doves are not particularly abundant in the region. Changes in agricultural practices do not benefit them and, unlike the wood pigeon, their populations are in clear decline. Part of the population lives all year round and another part comes in winter from northern Europe. It can be seen in cultivated areas, pastures… and makes its nests in trees as well as in stone cuttings or ruined buildings. Unlike the Rock Pigeon, they do not like human presence and try to avoid it.

Swallow Hirundo rustica

A typical bird of our villages, present in practically all of them, is accustomed to nesting in all types of buildings in the rural world. Its diet is mainly composed of insects, at the end of the summer it returns to Africa to spend the winter. It is very abundant although the generalised use of insecticides is also having a negative impact on its populations.

Western orphean warbler Sylvia hortensis

It is the largest Extremaduran warbler and is characterized by its black mask, dark cap and prominent pale eye. This warbler has a predilection for holm oak woodlands and warm open forests, denoting its presence with its song. It is more comfortable among the treetops than other warblers, more accustomed to moving through the undergrowth. It feeds on insects and small wild fruits during the warm months and in winter migrates to Africa. The population is not endangered and is present throughout the region, provided that the above-mentioned habitats exist.

Woodchat shrike Lanius senator

This small predator is characterized by its red “beret” and by nailing its prey to barbed wire or thorny bushes. It feeds on both invertebrates and small vertebrates, and is common in woodlands and various types of forest.  It is a summer bird in the Iberian Peninsula. The populations are in slight decline due to the transformations of the rural environment in the last decades. Even so, it is still an abundant species and is distributed throughout the community.

Thanks for the pictures to Mariano Cordero, Isaac Fdez Galisteo, Álvaro de las Heras and Ángel Cañones

In this post I have decided to include mountain birds of Extremadura, but also rock birds, which don’t necessarily have to be associated with mountain ranges.

Alpine accentor Prunella collaris

Present mainly on the slopes of Gredos, it breeds in bushes and is one of the mountain birds of Extremadura that inhabits higher altitude areas. It is quite confident, so it will let us get quite close. It feeds on invertebrates and differs from the common accentor by its characteristic white collar, especially present with its recently molted plumage. We can also find it in Villuercas, Tiros mountain range and the central mountain ranges of Badajoz in winter.

Alpine swift Apus melba

The largest of the swifts, it is characterized by its white belly which makes it unmistakable in the distance. It usually nests near water, in bridge hollows, cracks and rocky river and reservoir cuts. In winter it migrates to Africa. On the wall of the  Alange lake is the largest breeding colony in Extremadura. We can also see interesting nuclei in the Sierra de Pela, the city of Badajoz, the Sierra de las Villuercas or Monfragüe.

Black wheatear Oenanthe Leucura

The third and last species of wheatear present in the peninsula and the region. Typical of arid areas, with rocky escarpments or walls, its diet is also insectivorous. Slightly larger than its relatives, its black color makes it unmistakable. It is present all year round in the region and we can observe it practically all over the community.

Blue rock thrush Monticola solitarius

This bird, the size of a thrush, stands out because of its blue colours. A typical inhabitant of mountainous areas, it likes to frequent the rocks, ruins, walls, castles and other buildings located at a certain altitude. It feeds on small invertebrates and even hunts small lizards. The mountains of Tiros, Pela, central mountains of Badajoz, Villuercas, cut off from the Alcántara lake, Monfragüe and La Vera are areas where it’s commonplace.

Bluethroat Luscinia svecica

Unmistakable by the blue colour of its throat, this beautiful bird breeds only in Gredos, above 1800 m. Select alpine environments where there is a mosaic of bushes, woods and meadows. In Extremadura we have 2 populations, the wintering one that comes from the North of Europe and the sedentary one. It is a rather scarce species, however, in addition to Gredos, we can observe it in Vegas Altas del Guadiana or Almaraz in winter. It mainly feeds on insects although it supplements its diet with seeds and some vegetables.

Common raven Corvus corax

It is the largest corvid present in the region and the peninsula. Like all of them, it stands out for its great capacity to adapt, both in terms of habitat and feeding. It is more abundant in the areas where there are rock cuts where it nests, however it adapts to any ecosystem. It can also breed in large trees or electric construction towers. Its diet is omnivorous, it feeds on everything it finds: small animals, eggs, placentas, grain, fruit… It is distributed throughout the community, as long as it finds suitable areas to nest nearby.

Common whitethroat Sylvia communis

Very small bird whose male is characterized by a blue-grey “hood”. Both the male and the female have white throats. Very typical of the mountain bushes, it breeds only in the mountains of northern Cáceres. After breeding, it is distributed throughout the region and ends up migrating to Africa in winter. It likes areas with a mosaic of copses, bushes, hedges and meadows in which it feeds on small insects.

Crag martin Ptyonoprogne rupestris

Browner in colour than the house martin, it nests in rocky cliffs and is the only species in its category that does not migrate to Africa in winter. I include it among the mountain birds of Extremadura because of its predilection for rocky ecosystems. Its habitat will logically be linked to these structures and the best places to observe them are Tiros mountain range, the area of Puerto Peña, Monfragüe, La Vera and the Jerte valley. It is also abundant in the area of Los Llanos de Cáceres, where it usually makes its nests in the bridges.

Dunnock Prunella modularis

Similar in size to the Alpine accentor, its distribution is much wider, occupying lower altitudes than this in the Extremadura mountains. Frequent in areas of bush and undergrowth on the slopes of these mountains, most Extremaduran populations are only wintering. There are two interesting breeding nuclei in the northern part of the province of Cáceres and in Villuercas, and it can be found throughout the territory during the winter months.

Eurasian dotterel Charadrius morinellus

Short-billed wader with a distinctive white eyebrow. Unlike other birds, the female has a much more showy nuptial plumage than the male. It normally inhabits northern Europe and Asia, but in Spain there is a small breeding nucleus in the Pyrenees. During the migratory season it can be found all over the peninsula, including Extremadura, mainly in mountainous areas. It is quite scarce and there is no stable population in the region.

European pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca

Small bird with a very fine beak whose male is characteristic for his black and white colours. Breeds in the forest areas of the mountain massifs, above 1000 metres. In Extremadura it only breeds in Gredos, although it is then distributed throughout the region. It feeds on small insects that lurk in trees or bushes that serve as its watchtower. Its population is in small decline due to various factors including a fragmented habitat and forest management that does not favour it.

Jackdaw Corvus monedula

Corvidian, the size of a dove, very social, used to move in large groups on a daily basis. Very opportunistic, it takes advantage of any kind of food it can find: insects, small reptiles, rodents, fruits… It usually nests in churches, farmhouses and old buildings with holes. In spite of having included it among the mountain birds of Extremadura, its enormous capacity of adaptation allows it to be present in almost all the region, being especially abundant in the mountain range of Tiros, the central mountain ranges of Badajoz, the mountain range of Pela and the zone of the dam of Badajoz.

Northern wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe

Unlike the blonde wheatear, the grey and black wheatear are included among the mountain birds. In Extremadura we only find them in the north of the province of Cáceres, being much more common in Castilla y León. It is adapted to all kind of environments and it is especially comfortable with the altitude, that’s why we can find it in Gata, Hurdes or Gredos. The male is characteristically grey on the back and top of the head, while the wings and a stripe on the face are black. The female is browner with a dark stripe on the face.

Ortolan bunting Emberiza hortulana

It is the only species of bunting that migrates in winter to warmer lands. Although it can live in a wide variety of habitats, the mid-mountain is where it is most comfortable, so it is in mountain birds of Extremadura section. In Extremadura we can see it mainly in the northern half of the province of Cáceres. It feeds mainly on invertebrates, although it does not shy away from seeds when it has the opportunity. It is characterized by having a yellow throat, eye ring and whisker.

Red-billed chough Phyrrocorax phyrrocorax

Corvid species only present in areas of rocks, cliffs and steep mountain ranges. Slightly larger a jackdaw, it is characterized by its red beak and legs. Unlike other corvids, its diet is mainly based on invertebrates. In Extremadura it is rather scarce, but we can find it in Monfragüe, Villuercas, Pela and Tiros mountain ranges and also in La Campiña Sur.

Ring ouzel Turdus torquatus

Very occasional in Extremadura, it can be seen sporadically in both Cáceres and Badajoz. In the Iberian Peninsula there are only stable populations all year round in northern mountain areas, but in autumn and winter we can see some birds from central and northern Europe in Extremadura. At this time of year it likes mid-mountain areas with pine trees, junipers or scrubland. It feeds mainly on small fruits and despite being a rare species, it is not endangered.

Rock dove Columba livia

There is little to add about this bird, so typical of our urban centres. Most of its population lives in urban areas, moving to nearby crop fields to feed. However, I include it here, as there are certain populations that live totally “wild” in cliff areas. Mountain ranges and river canyons are often their favourite breeding and resting places. Their ecological role is very important, as they are common prey for several protected birds of prey: Bonelli’s eagles, peregrine falcons, goshawks… Common throughout the region.

Rock sparrow Petronia petronia

This species of sparrow is characterised by the fact that there is hardly any sexual dimorphism between males and females. It can be seen in a wide variety of habitats, although it has a preference for rocky areas and cliffs. However, it can also be seen in open forest environments, steppe, crops, villages or abandoned buildings. It is not as dependent on humans as other sparrows. More abundant in the province of Cáceres than in the province of Badajoz, it is not a species with conservation problems at present. It is a robust sparrow with a strong beak and is easily distinguished by its peculiar song.

Rock thrush Monticola saxatilis

One of the 2 species of rock thrush present in Extremadura, whose colours are unmistakable, especially in adult males. Very scarce both in the peninsula and in Extremadura, its ideal habitat is high mountain scrub (always above 1000m) with few trees. It is a summer bird in the peninsula, and feeds on insects. The area of the Central System, Villuercas and Monfragüe are the best places to observe it.

Sand martin Riparia riparia

It is the smallest of the martins and usually nests in large colonies on sandy river slopes. Duller in colour than the common house martin, it is easily identified by the band on its chest. It also feeds on insects that it captures exclusively in flight and migrates to Africa in winter. Its presence is dispersed in the region and its population suffers great fluctuations. However, during the migratory season it can be seen in flocks of hundreds of passing birds from European countries.

Water pipit Anthus spinoletta

Common throughout the Iberian Peninsula, this bird can be seen in Extremadura mainly during the winter. It breeds in mountainous areas but in winter it can descend in altitude, being observed in lower pastures or even wetland edges. The water or alpine pipit stands out for its long tail, its white stripes on the back and its dark brown legs. It feeds mainly on invertebrates that it also captures on the banks of rivers and streams.

White – rumped swift Apus caffer

A summer visitor to Extremadura, its population is really small. Of sub-Saharan origin, its appearance in the region is rather recent. Small and black in colour, it is characterised by its forked tail. It has a small white spot on its throat and a small white spot on its throat. Like its congeners, it feeds mainly on flying insects. It usually nests on rocky outcrops, cliffs, bridges… and often steals the nests of the red-rumped swallow. It can be seen in both Cáceres and Badajoz, being very scarce in both provinces.

Thanks to Angel Cañones, Mariano Cordero and Álvaro de las Heras for the pictures.

I have decided to include in this post the most typical species of forest areas, both from deciduous forests and from pine, oak, hoolm oak, cork oak… grouping them all in this block of woodland birds of Extremadura.

Brambling Fringilla montifringilla

This beautiful finch feeds mainly on seeds and plant remains, although in summer it can also capture invertebrates. The population of Extremadura is very fluctuating as some winters large flocks appear and others are barely seen. It breeds in the boreal forests of northern Europe and appears in Extremadura only during the winter. We can observe it in all kinds of habitats (Mediterranean mountain included), as the flocks usually move around in search of food in different ecosystems.

Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula

One of the wintering woodland birds in Extremadura, it is one of the most colourful finches and can be distinguished from a distance by its orange-red belly. Its preferred habitat is the deciduous, coniferous and riparian forests. We also find it in the mosaics of fields, hedges, fruit plantations, orchards etc. Some interesting points to observe are Cornalvo reservoir, Villuercas mountain range, San Pedro, Gata, Monfragüe and the Tajo International area.

Cetti’s warbler Cettia cetti

This species of nightingale has more discreet colours than its relative the common nightingale. It is also notable for its powerful song and lives in woods and hedges and reeds. Cetti’s warbler feeds on small insects, but in autumn it can eat small berries and fruit, like the common nightingale. It is sedentary although it can make small micro-migrations in winter looking for warmer areas. The Cetti’s warbler is distributed throughout the region, being quite common.

Cirl bunting Emberiza cirlus

A little bigger than a sparrow, it is characterized by a yellowish belly and a yellow head with black stripes, in the case of the female with duller tones. It has a predilection for lush and humid forests, always with meadows and grasslands nearby, in which it feeds mainly on seeds. However, in the breeding season it feeds its chicks with insects, being sedentary in the region. In winter its population also increases with specimens from the north and is relatively abundant in the community.

Coal tit Periparus ater

Not as common as its companion the Great tit, but quite frequent in coniferous and mixed forests, parks and gardens. In Extremadura we can observe it mainly in the forests of the northern half of Cáceres, being very rare in Badajoz. Slightly smaller and with duller colors than the Great tit, it is easy to differentiate. Sedentary, its populations are stable, although in the winter months it increases with partial migrations of specimens from the north of the peninsula. It feeds mainly on invertebrates and seeds.

Common chaffinch Fringilla coelebs

The size of a sparrow, it is characterized by its blue hood and orange ochre chest. Females have duller plumage and tend to nest in all types of forests. It is one of the most common woodland birds in Extremadura due to its great capacity to adapt, and can also be found in urban parks and gardens. The common chaffinch feeds on insects as well as small fruits, buds and seeds. It is present throughout the year in practically all the forest masses of the region.

Common chiffchaff Philloscopus collybita

Another small and restless bird breeds in mountain and riverine forests in the north of Cáceres. During the winter it spreads throughout the region, and its population is clearly increased with specimens from northern Europe. It feeds mainly on small invertebrates, although it supplements its diet with small fruits and pollen in spring. At present it is not dawn, although its population is not particularly abundant either.

Common cuckoo Cuculus canorus

Migratory bird that visits us in summer and whose main peculiarity is that it lays its eggs in the nests of other species of birds, sometimes even of little birds several times smaller than them. It feeds on insects, thus parasitizing insectivorous birds’ nests, and the chicks usually expel the parasitized bird’s young from the nest, as they grow faster. The cuckoo makes an unmistakable song and stylised silhouette, reminiscent of a sparrowhawk, allow us to identify it easily. This bird lives in forest areas where it does important ecological work by feeding on caterpillars and other insects considered to be pests. It is distributed throughout the region but the San Pedro mountain range and the north of the province of Cáceres are home to particularly interesting densities.

Common firecrest Regulus ignicapilla

This small passerine is characterized by its diminutive size, being one of the smallest birds in Europe. Present in Extremadura mainly in winter, in the north of the province of Cáceres we can find some breeding populations. Of marked forest character, it likes cold and humid forests that are at a certain altitude. However, in winter specimens come from colder areas, both from the Peninsula and other European countries, and we can find them at lower altitudes. Its diet is exclusively insectivorous.

Common nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos

The size of a sparrow, its back and wings are brown while its belly is clear. It is characterized by its beautiful and powerful song, which quickly denotes its presence but is difficult to observe. The nightingale lives in areas of thick vegetation, feeding on insects, small berries and fruits. It reproduces in the region but in winter it migrates to Africa. The common nightingale especially likes very thick woods on the banks and in cool areas.

Common redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus

Slightly smaller than a sparrow, it has beautiful plumage with a grey back, black throat and orange breast. Very slender and with electric movements, it is present in Extremadura during the breeding season when it feeds on insects. It lives in mature hardwood and coniferous forests, generally in interior mountain ranges. We can observe it in Lasa Dehesas de Jerez and in the forests of the central mountain ranges of Badajoz, although it is not especially frequent.

Eurasian blackcap Sylvia atricapilla

Similar in size to a sparrow, it stands out as its own name suggests because of its black cap, black in males and brown in females. Typical of leafy forests, wooded banks, fruit trees and gardens, where it feeds on small invertebrates. However, it can also feed on fruits when they are within its reach. Breeding in Extremadura, its population increases in winter with the arrival of specimens from more northern areas. Abundant and present throughout the region.

Eurasian blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus

Along with the great tit, it is one of the most typical woodland birds in Extremadura. Its presence is quickly noted due to its colourfulness, its songs and its tireless activity. Frequent in many types of forests: woodlands, pine forests, riverside woodlands or gardens, where it feeds on small invertebrates. It is also a great ally of organic farming being an effective pest control and is present throughout the year throughout the region.

Eurasian jay Garrulus glandarius

This beautiful corvid is one of the most intelligent woodland birds of Extremadura. It is a total opportunist and is capable of imitating a wide variety of sounds as needed. It adapts to both closed forests and more dispersed woodland areas such as wood pastures. We can frequently observe him in Tiros and Villuercas mountains, the environment of the Cornalvo and Canchales reservoirs, Los Llanos de Cáceres, Magasca and Trujillo, La Vera region or Jerte and Ambroz valleys.

Eurasian nuthatch Sitta europaea

Slightly larger than a sparrow, it is easily identified by its bluish back. It usually climbs up and down the trunks, both up and down, feeding on the invertebrates present in them. Present in all types of mature forests, the best areas to observe it are the pastures near Canchales and Cornalvo, Llanos de Cáceres, Magasca and Trujillo, Sierra de San Pedro, La Vera, valleys of Jerte and Ambroz and the area of Granadilla.

Eurasian siskin Aegithalos caudatus

Although there is a resident population on the Iberian Peninsula throughout the year in some mountain ranges in the northern half, it is in autumn and winter that it can be seen in Extremadura. It can be seen mainly in forest areas (often riverside woodland), but also in the countryside and on the edges of cultivated areas. At this time of year, its diet is mainly vegetable: seeds and some plants. Its colouring, although it may seem similar to the greenfinch or greenfinch, is very characteristic, with yellow patches on wings and tail.

Eurasian woodcock Scolopax rusticola

Also known as Woodcock and the size of a pigeon, it is one of the most secretive woodland birds in Extremadura. It comes to Spain  in winter, returning to Northern Europe in spring to breed. Its habitat is the forest floor, generally lush, in which it feeds on worms and small invertebrates. The woodcock lives in a wide variety of forests: holm oak, cork oak, oak… as long as they are sufficiently humid. It is very difficult to observe because when it detects danger, it is crushed motionless on the ground and its plumage is confused with it.

Eurasian wren Troglodytes troglodytes

It is one of the smallest forest birds, brown in colour and very restless. Its typical posture is with its tail raised, forming a 90 degree angle with the ground and is very complicated to observe. However, its song is very characteristic and powerful for its size. The eurasian wren lives in the thick woods and leafy hedges of the whole region, feeding on small insects. It builds a very curious nest, spherical in shape and formed by herbs and mosses, and currently has no major conservation problems.

Eurasian wryneck Jynx torquilla

The size of a thrush and with a really mimetic plumage, it appears in thickets, banks, dense pastures and other wooded areas although it is very difficult to detect. It is present in the region throughout the year, although a percentage continues to migrate to Africa to spend the winter. When it feels threatened it moves its head from side to side in a similar way to a snake to scare off possible predators. The best way to locate it is by its characteristic song, but it is one of the most difficult forest birds to see, and it is present in both provinces.

European crested tit Lophophanes cristatus

A small bird present in Extremadura all year round, it differs from the common tits in its characteristic feathery crest. It lives mainly in pine forests, but also in holm oak and cork oak groves with underbrush, where it feeds on small insects and caterpillars. It has a fundamental ecological role, ridding us of many forest pests. Its distribution is dispersed throughout the region, as it requires mature forests with “old” trees in whose hollows it nests.

European green woodpecker Picus viridis

It is the largest of the woodpeckers present in the region, also relatively abundant. It frequents riverside woods, forests or closed pastures of holm oak, cork oak, oak… Whenever the trees are dense, it denotes its presence by its strident song, similar to the whinnying of a horse. Sierra de las Villuercas is an excellent place to observe it.

Garden warbler Sylvia borin

This warbler, with its inconspicuous plumage, likes more or less dense wooded areas. More compact and robust than other warblers and brownish in colour, it is more easily identified by its song than by direct observation. Not very frequent in Extremadura, it is more easily observed during migratory passes than in the summer months, when some populations settle in the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula to breed. It is usually found in rather cool and humid forests and in winter it migrates to Africa, to the south of the Sahara desert.

Goldcrest Regulus regulus

Of a very similar size to the common firecrest, it is scarcer in the region. There is a very small breeding population in the north of the province of Cáceres, in some parts of the Central System. The goldcrest differs from its relative by lacking the clear superciliary list and also lacking the black eye list. It has a predilection for coniferous forests, although it can also be found in deciduous forests, especially during the winter. Its diet is also insectivorous and it often shares habitat with its relative.

Golden oriole Oriolus oriolus

Paseriform of very striking colours, it quickly denotes its presence in the forests of Extremadura with its strident singing. We can observe it from March, when it returns from its winter quarters in Africa, in all kinds of forests with a certain amount of humidity: oak groves, ash groves, riverside forests… It feeds on both small invertebrates and fruits, being very common near cherry, fig, blackberry and grape plantations… The Guadiana dam, Villuercas mountain range, La Vera, Jerte valley, Ambroz valley and the area of Granadilla are good spots to observe it.

Great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius

The size of a cuckoo and similar breeding habits (it lays its eggs in the nests of other species), it is one of the woodland birds of Extremadura with the greatest ecological value as it usually uses the nests of magpies, helping to regulate their populations. It visits Extremadura in spring, when we can witness the spectacle produced by the magpies chasing them when they try to lay their eggs in their nests. This species is threatened worldwide due to the loss of its habitat. It does not present great threats in Extremadura due to the abundance of the species it parasitizes. Frequent in Dehesas de Jerez, Los Llanos de Cáceres, Magasca and Trujillo and the surrounding dehesas of Almaraz lake.

Great spotted woodpecker Dendrocopos major

It is the most abundant of the “woodpeckers” and its presence is easily revealed by the characteristic sound it produces when it pierces the tree trunks with its beak, as if it were a hammer drill. Riverside woods, pine forests and other dense forest masses are its favourite habitats. They are especially abundant in Tiros and Villuercas mountain ranges and in the woodlands near the Cornalvo and Canchales reservoirs.

Great tit Parus major

Slightly smaller than a sparrow and more stylish, it is one of the most typical woodland birds of Extremadura. Although its plumage is very colourful, it is quite discreet when in the middle of leafy trees. It feeds on small invertebrates and has a great variety of different songs. The great tit lives in all kinds of forests, including urban parks and gardens, as it tolerates human presence very well. It is now quite abundant throughout the region.

Greenfinch Chloris chloris

Another bird the size of a sparrow, with bright green plumage with yellow spots. It is characterized by a robust beak with which it is able to break very hard seeds. It is abundant throughout the region in forests, woodlands and urban gardens. The population is sedentary and feeds on seeds and fruit, although in the breeding season it fattens its chicks with invertebrates. As it does not have excessive habitat requirements, it is one of the most abundant birds in these ecosystems.

Hawfinch Coccothraustes coccothraustes

Medium sized bird, it stands out because of its robust beak, as its name indicates. It lives in wooded areas with underbrush, where it feeds on seeds and hard nuts that it breaks with its beak. It is present all year round in the community, widely spread throughout it, but it is not abundant. In addition to the typical forests: oak, holm oak, cork oak… It can also live in forests of ash, elm or wild olive trees, even in parks with trees that produce fruit and seeds.

Iberian chiffchaff Philloscopus ibéricus

Recently listed as a new species, it is virtually identical to the common chiffchaff. The easiest way to tell them apart is by their song and because the Iberian chiffchaff is only a summer inhabitant of the peninsula. In Extremadura it is not particularly abundant, being found on the border between Cáceres and Salamanca and on the southern border between Badajoz and Andalusia. It is mainly found in mountain forests, where it feeds mainly on insects.

Lesser spotted woodpecker Dendrocopos minor

It is the smallest of the woodpeckers in the region, slightly larger than a sparrow. Its plumage is similar to that of its relative and its beak is more abundant, although in its case the beret is red. Present throughout the year in the region, it feeds on insects that it captures in the bark of trees.  It has a predilection for riverside woods, oak groves and cork oak forests. In Extremadura we can observe it in Villuercas, Sierra de San Pedro, cork oak groves of the southwest of Badajoz and in the forests of the north of Cáceres.

Long-tailed tit Aegithalos caudatus

Small bird characterized by a tiny beak and very long tail. It moves in groups of 8 to 14 individuals in forests with abundant undergrowth and banks. Present all year round in Extremadura, it feeds mainly on small insects, but also on seeds. They build a very elaborate nest whose interior is covered with mammalian feathers and hairs and whose exterior is camouflaged with mosses and lichens. It is not particularly abundant but neither does it have great conservation problems, being distributed throughout the region.

Melodious warbler Hippolais poliglotta

Small, greenish-yellow passerine. It is present throughout the region, with a greater abundance in riverside forests and the edges of all types of woodland with scrub. This bird can be seen all year round, except in winter, when it migrates to West Africa, south of the Sahara. It feeds mainly on insects, and may consume fruit in the weeks prior to migration. It is quite abundant and its populations are currently showing a positive trend.

Red crossbill Loxia curvirrostra

Typical bird of coniferous forests, rather scarce in the region. It can be found mainly in the pine forests of the north of the province of Cáceres. The crossbill is easily identifiable by its characteristic beak. It feeds mainly on pine nuts and other nuts, complementing its diet with insects and other invertebrates. Sedentary in nature, it can be seen all year round in Extremadura, although it sometimes migrates to Spain from northern European countries. Despite being a scarce bird in the region, its population is not currently threatened.

Short-toed treecreeper Certhia brachydactyla

Very small bird, with a very fine, curved beak that it uses to capture small insects, mites and worms that live under the bark of trees. Its plumage is very cryptic and it is difficult to observe if we do not look very carefully. Theese woodland birds of Extremadura lives all year round in different types of forests, both perennial and deciduous, and even in urban parks. Its population is stable and relatively abundant.

Spotted flycatcher Muscicapa striata

Although it can occupy a wide variety of habitats, it has a predilection for wooded areas with undergrowth, scrubland and nearby wetlands. A summer visitor to the Iberian Peninsula, it can be found practically all over Extremadura. It feeds mainly on insects, but can sometimes eat berries and fruit, especially in autumn. This species is not currently endangered and its populations are stable.

Tree pipit Anthus trivialis

A rare bird in the region, where it can be seen mainly in winter. It breeds mainly in northern Europe and Asia and hibernates mostly in southern Africa and India. However, during its migration it can be seen throughout the region. The tree pipit inhabits forest edges, open forests and thickets with some woodland. It is very similar to the Meadow Pipit, differing in that it has a more pronounced eyebrow and a thicker and pinker bill.

Western bonelli’s warbler Philloscopus bonelli

Not very common in Extremadura, it is a relatively frequent bird in the northern half of the peninsula that has gradually colonised the north of Extremadura, mainly the north of the province of Cáceres. It can also be seen in the east of this province, in the Villuercas area. Very forest-dwelling, it adapts to a wide variety of forests of different species: oak, pine, holm oak, cork oak…  Very similar to another Philloscopus, it can be identified mainly by its song and, as a characteristic feature, it has a yellowish obisk.

Willow warbler Philloscopus trochilus

Although it has not been proven with certainty that it breeds on the Iberian Peninsula, there are numerous sightings during the migratory period. It breeds in central and northern Europe and migrates to Africa in winter, so it can be seen on both migratory routes. This warbler likes forests of different species, with plenty of undergrowth and shrubs. It is more common in the province of Cáceres and differs from the common and Iberian in that it tends to be more yellowish, with lighter legs and the pale eyebrow is very marked.

Thanks to Álvaro de las Heras, Ángel Cañones, Fernando Mostacero and Mariano Cordero.

There are also many steppe birds in Extremadura, that inhabit the great plains, grasslands, cultivation areas… here are the most outstanding ones.

Black-bellied sandgrouse Pterocles orientalis

Like its companion, it is also in decline. It differs from the Pin tailed Sandgrouse in having less striking colors, being slightly larger, having shorter tail feathers and a black belly. They are also easily differentiated by their song. It is generally more abundant and can be found in more areas than the Pin tailed Sandgrouse. We can observe it in the vicinity of Badajoz, Los Llanos de Cáceres, La Albuera and the southern Campiña, among other places.

Calandra lark Melanocorypha calandra

It is the largest of the Extremaduran allaudids, a little larger than a crested lark. It is characterized by black spots on both sides of its neck and feeds on insects, worms and seeds. The calandra lark has a predilection for dry crops, pasture, fallow land and treeless fields. It is distributed throughout the region and is not threatened, although modern agricultural practices are negatively influencing its populations.

Common crane Grus grus

One of the largest steppe birds in Extremadura, in winter tens of thousands of specimens visit the community (it is their main wintering ground), filling the pastures, lagoons and rice fields with life. It feeds on acorns, seeds, invertebrates… and it is very common to see it in its daily movements from its roosts to its feeding areas. We can see it all over the community, in the above mentioned ecosystems.

Common quail Coturnix coturnix

It is the smallest of the peninsula’s galliforms, slightly larger than a blackbird. It is migratory and visits us in spring and summer to breed, although there is an increasing percentage of sedentary individuals. The common quail feeds mainly on seeds and insects and is distributed throughout the region. Its populations have been greatly reduced in recent decades due to changes in agricultural practices and hunting. It frequently grows in irrigated crops, although it can also be found in grasslands or dry crops as long as there is water nearby.

Corn bunting Emberiza calandra

A little bigger than a sparrow, it’s another typical steppe bird. A bird with a robust beak, it specialises in eating seeds, although during breeding it also eats small insects. It is very common to see its silhouette on top of poles or dry trees singing. Very abundant in crop areas, pastures, open grasslands… it is also present throughout the region.

Crested lark Galerida cristata

It is one of the most typical and characteristic inhabitants of the open areas of the region. Very common in cultivated areas, fallow lands, moors and other plains with little vegetation cover. It is very typical to see it along rural roads in search of small seeds or invertebrates. It is one of the most abundant birds in these ecosystems, although it has also been negatively affected by changes in agricultural practices.

Eurasian skylark Alauda arvensis

Similar in size to a sparrow, it is one of the most typical birds of the open fields of Extremadura. It has a small chignon which it may or may not display depending on its mood. The eurasian skylark feeds mainly on seeds, plant remains and insects. It is very common in any treeless area: crops, pastures, moors… even in low bush areas. Its population is abundant throughout the region and usually is gathered in numerous flocks

European nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus

This strange animal, the size of a turtledove, has wings and a tail so long that it looks much bigger. It is found in Extremadura during the breeding season. It feeds on insects from dusk until dawn, during the day it remains motionless on the ground and its truly mimetic plumage makes it a very difficult bird to observe. The best way to spot it is to look for it on the dirt roads during the twilight. The northern end of Cáceres together with Monfragüe and Villuercas are the best points to observe it.

European roller Coracias garrulus

The european roller is a very unknown bird, which lives in the great plains of Extremadura with little or no trees. The size of a jackdaw, and insectivorous food, it visits us in spring and summer to reproduce. It is unmistakable thanks to its bright green and blue colours, and its population is becoming increasingly scarce. The area of Los Llanos de Cáceres, Magasca and Trujillo is a very good place to see it, as they take advantage of the nest boxes installed on the nearby power poles.

European stonechat Saxícola rubicola

A small bird slightly smaller than a sparrow, it is typical of open pastures, boundaries and farmland. It is very common to see it on paths, climbing over walls, wire fences or power lines. Present throughout the year in the whole region, it feeds on small insects that it locates from its stands. Nowadays it is quite frequent and its population is not threatened.

Great bustard Otis tarda

The Great Bustard is the largest bird in the Iberian Peninsula, and we also find its main populations in Extremadura. It inhabits large treeless plains and extensive crops, both dry and irrigated. It is very suspicious and the best way to observe it is from a vehicle. Its main population centres are in La Albuera, Los Llanos de Cáceres, La Serena and the meadows west of Arroyo Conejos reservoir, in Llerena. Also you can see it very close to Badajoz, if you want to see them, just contact me.

Greater short-toed lark Calandrella brachydactyla

Inhabitant of cultivated and steppe areas, it can be seen in Extremadura except in the coldest months, when it migrates to Africa to hibernate. Frequent in cultivated areas and large grasslands, it feeds mainly on seeds, although in spring it also feeds on invertebrates. Rather small in size, it is characterised by its ochre tones on its back and much whiter chest and ventral area, with no striations. It does not normally like high altitudes and can be seen all over the region.

Little bustard Tetrax tetrax

Classified as endangered in Extremadura since 2016, its population decline in the last 2 decades has been impressive. It’s one of the steppe birds more endangered in the entire country. Modern agricultural practices are very detrimental to it and sightings are increasingly rare. Its main habitat is the cereal plains and treeless steppes, and the highest concentrations are found in La Campiña Sur, La Serena, La Albuera, the area of Orellana and Los Llanos de Cáceres.

Peewit Vanellus vanellus

Another of the most common steppe birds in the region, although it could also be included within the aquatic ones due to its predilection for wetlands. It comes in large flocks during the winter season flooding meadows, pastures and grasslands with low grass. It feeds on worms and small invertebrates. Some pairs stay all year round and breed in the community. We can observe it all over the region, although La Campiña Sur, La Serena, the ZEPA of  Alange, La Albuera, surroundings of Orellana and Sierra Brava, Llanos de Cáceres, Magasca and Trujillo are the best areas.

Pin-tailed sandgrouse Pterocles alchata

This beautiful bird, the size of a dove, is typical of semi-arid areas, steppes and dry crops and its food is almost exclusively granivorous. As it nests in the soil, modification of agricultural practices is one of its main threats and its populations are in clear recession. Less frequent than its relative the Black bellied sandgrouse, it is one of the rarest steppe birds in Extremadura. The best areas to observe it are Los Llanos de Cáceres and Trujillo, Llanos de Brozas,  Moheda Alta, Campiña Sur and La Serena.

Red-necked nightjar Caprimulgus ruficollis

Much more common than its relative, it differs mainly by its redder shades and its slightly larger size. It is distributed practically throughout the community and has very similar habits, frequenting open fields with scattered bush vegetation. We can also observe it on the edges of the woods. Like the European, the best way to see it is to look for it on the roads at dusk or dawn.

Stone-curlew Burhinus oedicnemus

One of the most curious steppe birds in Extremadura, with a twilight and nocturnal habit, feeds mainly on small invertebrates in plains, grasslands and dry farming areas. During the winter months they group together in roosts and due to their habits the best times to observe them are dawn and dusk. Los Llanos de Cáceres y Trujillo, Vegas Altas del Guadiana, Campiña Sur, La Serena and La Albuera, as well as the environments of Orellana and Sierra Brava are the best areas to observe them, along with other steppe birds.

Tawny pipit Anthus campestris

This pipit is quite common in the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula, however there are both resident and wintering populations in Extremadura. It inhabits open areas, grasslands, cultivated areas and open areas….. There it feeds mainly on insects and larvae. It is the largest of the bisbites, with a rather sandy color. Currently it does not present serious conservation problems and can be seen practically throughout the region.

Thekla’s lark Galerida theklae

Very similar to the Crested Lark, perhaps a little more stylised, with a more marked mottling on the breast and a shorter, stubbier bill. Occasionally perches in trees and bushes, something rarely done by the Crested Lark. Frequent throughout the region, it is very fond of open spaces with shrubs or even pastures and open woodland. It feeds on seeds and small invertebrates and is present throughout the year.

Western black-eared wheatear Oenante hispanica

This little bird the size of a sparrow frequents the open spaces of the entire community. It feeds on all kinds of small invertebrates. It visits us during the summer months, spending the winters in North Africa and is relatively confident so it will allow us to get quite close.

Woodlark Lullula arborea

The size of a sparrow, although I have included it in the steppe birds, it likes to frequent the edges of forests and pastures. It nests on the ground and feeds on both insects and small seeds. It is very common to see it on top of small trees emitting its characteristic song. Widely distributed throughout the region, it does not present conservation problems either.

Thanks again for these photos of steppe birds in Extremadura to Alvaro de las Heras Olive ecobirding, Jorge Lázaro and Mariano Cordero.

Due to the large number of reservoirs, large lakes and other wetlands, Extremadura is one of the richest communities of birds associated with aquatic ecosystems. Below I present the most representative waterfowl of Extremadura (including waders).

Anatidae. Waterfowl of Extremadura

Black-necked grebe Podiceps nigricollis

Slightly larger than the Little Grebe, its plumage is more showy, especially during the mating season. Much less frequent than its relative, there are a few breeding pairs in the region, although it can be found all year round. For breeding, it usually prefers small lakes, but the rest of the year it looks for large reservoirs or makes small migrations to coastal areas. In winter, the reservoirs in the eastern area of Badajoz can be a good place to observe it: Orellana, Sierra Brava, La Serena… It feeds on aquatic invertebrates, but also on small fish and amphibians. It’s one of the smallest waterfowl in Extremadura.

Common loon Gavia immer

Although it is a rarity both in Extremadura and in the rest of inland waters, I recently had an encounter with this bird of the Gaviidae family so I have decided to include it. It is a medium/large sized, robust looking bird that is specialized in catching fish but also other small aquatic animals. We can occasionally observe it in winter, when its coloration is grayish, with lighter underparts. From far away it could look like a cormorant but if we can see it at a reasonable distance it is very easy to differentiate it. As we have already said, it is an eminently marine bird, therefore its sightings are very occasional.

Common pochard Aythya ferina

Diving duck with a certain resemblance to the red-crested pochard. Males differ in that they have light backs and black beaks. It feeds on invertebrates and likes clean waters with abundant vegetation. In Extremadura it breeds in Llanos de Cáceres, Vegas Altas of Guadiana and La Albuera, although during the winter we can see it in other areas of the community.

Common shelduck Tadorna tadorna

Intermediate in size between a duck and a goose, this beautiful bird is characterized by its colorful colors. It usually prefers coastal environments, but in inland areas such as Extremadura we can see it mainly in winter. At this time populations from northern Europe visit us, although it is rare as a breeder. Their sightings are sporadic and there are no populations that can be considered “stable”. However we can observe it in reservoirs and large lagoons, where it feeds mainly on aquatic invertebrates.

Gadwall Mareca strepera

The size of a Mallard, it is one of the most discreetly coloured ducks. It lives in open, calm and shallow water bodies where it feeds on aquatic vegetables. In the breeding season it requires the presence of emerged vegetation and islets for nesting. Present all year round in Extremadura, in winter its population increases with European specimens. As it has certain requirements in terms of habitat, its population suffers fluctuations and is currently not very abundant. It does not tolerate excessively the human presence.

Garganey Spatula querquedula

Small duck whose male is very characteristic for having a white stripe on its head. The female is brownish brown, with a gray bill. In Spain it hardly breeds, but it is locally abundant during migratory passages. Its population is really very scarce in Extremadura and we can observe it occasionally in both provinces, mainly in postnuptial migration. It occupies shallow wetlands with abundant vegetation.

Great crested grebe Podiceps cristatus

Neither the Great Crested Grebe nor the Little Grebe are in the family of the Anatidae, but I have decided to include them here because of similarities. It’s one of the waterfowl of Extremadura whose populations have grown the most in recent years. A diver, it feeds mainly on fish, although it may occasionally consume invertebrates or small amphibians. Its courtship is especially striking, when its plumage acquires very striking colours with a kind of crest and characteristic plumes. It is not particularly demanding in terms of water quality or marsh vegetation and is distributed throughout the region.

Egyptian goose Alopochen aegyptiaca

Slightly smaller than a common goose, this allochthonous goose from Africa has settled in Extremadura’s reservoirs in recent years, and its populations are growing exponentially. It is notable for its colourfulness and for its shrill shriek when threatened. There are currently stable populations in almost of the big lakes. They are currently displacing many other waterfowl of Extremadura, so they have recently listed as a game species.

Eurasian teal Anas crecca

It is the smallest of the Extremaduran ducks and its plumage is really beautiful, especially in the males. Common in reservoirs, lagoons and irrigation ponds, it feeds on vegetation and aquatic invertebrates. Very abundant in winter, it migrates to northern Europe to breed. It can be found throughout the region and is not particularly threatened. However, it is not very tolerant of human presence, which added to the loss of habitat, means that its populations are not very numerous.

Eurasian wigeon Anas penelope

A wintering duck in the region, with beautiful plumage. It has a marked sexual dimorphism, like the majority of the ducks, the male being characterised by its chocolate head and grey body. It frequents reservoirs and lagoons, in which it feeds on leaves, roots, bulbs or rhizomes. Its population is relatively stable, although it is not abundant in the region. The reservoirs of Valuengo, Arroyo Conejos, Orellana, the Canchales and the lagoons of the Albuera are good points to observe it.

Ferruginous duck Aythia nyroca

Very scarce both in the Peninsula and in Extremadura, however we can occasionally observe it both in Cáceres and Badajoz. It needs well-preserved wetlands with plenty of floating vegetation to settle. Of medium size and brownish colors, as its name suggests, it is easy to differentiate from other pochards. Quite elusive, it is clearly endangered and breeding populations are on the verge of extinction in our country. Its diet is omnivorous, predominantly vegetables, although it does not disdain small vertebrates and aquatic invertebrates.

Greylag goose Anser anser 

It is the largest waterfowl of Extremadura and of the Iberian Peninsula. It visits us in winter and the fertile upper plains of the Guadiana shelter his major concentrations. Together with the reservoir of Valdecañas are the best spots to observe it, with several thousand specimens visiting them annually. It likes to feed both in shallow wetlands and in cereal, rice and corn fields.

Little grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis

It is one of the smallest waterfowl of Extremadura, and has the ability to stay submerged for several minutes in the water. It feeds mainly on aquatic invertebrates, but also on small amphibians and fry in its dives. The little grebe breeds in lagoons or ponds with abundant floating vegetation, but in winter it is also very common in reservoirs. It has a great capacity to colonize new habitats and is currently present throughout the region.

Mallard Anas platyrhynchos

It is the most common waterfowl of Extremadura and also of Spain. Worldwide, it is capable of developing in practically all water masses, including urban ones. In addition to the important resident population, Extremadura receives in winter many specimens from European countries. It feeds on both aquatic plants and small vertebrates or invertebrates.

Northern pintail Anas acuta

It is the most slender duck and is characterized by its long tail. It feeds on aquatic vegetables and small invertebrates. Very abundant in Sierra Brava and Alcollarín reservoirs. We can also observe it in Orellana, Cornalvo, los Canchales and La Albuera. As in most ducks, there is a marked sexual dimorphism: females are browner and have a shorter tail.

Northern shoveler Spatula clypeata

Duck characterized by its very long and flattened beak, whose male has a very showy nuptial plumage. More wintering than breeding, it breeds nevertheless in some areas of the peninsula, and Extremadura is among them. It likes shallow wetlands rich in underwater vegetation. The best places to observe it are: the city of Badajoz, La Albuera,  Cornalvo reservoir, Los Canchales, Sierra Brava, Cubilar and Orellana.

Ruddy shelduck Tadorna ferruginea

Rarer still than its congener the shelduck, there are sightings of isolated specimens in the region. Its population is in decline in Europe and can be considered exotic in Extremadura. We can see them mainly in reservoirs, both in Cáceres and Badajoz, without a stable population. It differs from the Tarro blanco by its much more uniform reddish color, although it also has black and white feathers on the wings. It is an omnivorous species, although it prefers plant-based foods such as stems and shoots.

Red-crested pochard Netta rufina

This beautiful diving duck has a pronounced sexual dimorphism between male and female. The male is especially beautiful with a chocolate head and a deep red beak. In Extremadura it breeds at the Orellana reservoir, the Portaje reservoir and the small Morantes reservoir. It is not a very common waterfowl of Extremadura, and is in a delicate state of conservation in the category of vulnerable.

Tufted duck Aythia fuligula

This diving duck is unmistakable because of its characteristic bow and has a marked sexual dimorphism. The males are black and white and the females are browner, with a shorter bow. More abundant in the province of Cáceres than in the province of Badajoz, it visits us mainly in winter, although there have been reports of breeding pairs. It likes reservoir waters with a certain depth, where it feeds on plant matter as well as small mollusks, crustaceans and insects.

Herons and storks. Waterfowl of Extremadura

Black Stork Ciconia nigra

One of the most iconic waterfowl of Extremadura, in danger of extinction due to the loss of its habitats, finds in this region its main breeding grounds. With customs totally different to the white stork, it does not tolerate human presence and needs tranquillity for its reproduction. Most of the navigation limitations of Extremadura’s reservoirs are made to protect this species, so we must be very careful to disturb it as little as possible when we sight it. We can observe it in Sierra de Gata, Gabriel y Galán, Alcántara lake, Monfragüe, Peña del Águila reservoir, Los Molinos reservoir in Las Villuercas, Sierra Brava and of course the Orellana reservoir.

Common Spatula Platalea leucorodia

Its characteristic wide beak at the end, its white colour and its large size make it unmistakable, even in the distance. It prefers shallow wetlands where it feeds on aquatic invertebrates as well as small fish or amphibians. Most of the population migrates to Africa in winter, although a growing percentage stays in the region all year round. We can see it in Gabriel y Galán lake, Almaraz, Los Canchales, La Albuera or Alange reservoir, among other places. It’s also one of the most iconic waterfowl of Extremadura.

Eurasian bittern Botaurus stellaris

This peculiar bird of the heron family has an extraordinary capacity to camouflage itself among the riverside vegetation. When it feels threatened, it stretches its neck, directing its beak upwards, and blends in perfectly with reeds and cattails. Its song is very powerful, it resembles the mooing of a bull, hence its name. It is in danger of extinction, although in slight recovery, and is one of the most difficult waterfowl to see. We can see it if we are very lucky in the Almaraz reservoir and in some sections of Guadiana River.

Glossy ibis Plegadis falcinellus

This species of ibis is becoming more and more frequent in the region. Thousands of individuals can already be observed in Guadiana River, mainly at the height of Badajoz, but also in the rest of the region. Sometimes also feeds in steppe areas on small vertebrates and invertebrates. Since 2012 it breeds in Extremadura, and we find its main population center in Badajoz dam, Montijo reservoir and Canchales reservoir.

Great egret Ardea alba

It’s the largest egret, almost as big as the purple heron. She is very spooky so we have to approach it carefully if we want to photograph it.Its populations are recovering, being more and more frequent as a wintering species, and some pairs have even reproduced in recent years in the region. Almaraz reservoir is once again an excellent place to see it, as well as Badajoz dam or Sierra Brava lake.

Greater flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus

A regular visitor to Mediterranean coastal areas but an occasional visitor to Extremadura, in recent years there have been several sightings at Canchales and Sierra Brava reservoirs. Unmistakable in appearance, it is one of the largest birds we can observe in the region and on the peninsula. It visits us in winter and its population trend in recent years is positive. It feeds on all types of invertebrates, from small crustaceans to larvae or protozoa, which it captures in shallow wetlands.

Grey heron Ardea cinerea

It is one of the most common  waterfowl of Extremadura, rare is the body of water (pond, lagoon, river or reservoir) in which we can not observe it. It is a very skilled hunter and fisher, being able to catch practically all types of animals of an edible size. Slightly larger than the purple one and more greyish in colour, it is a typical species of Extremadura’s aquatic ecosystems. It feeds on small vertebrates, mainly fish, craws and amphibians.

Little bittern Ixobrychus minutus

One of the smallest herons, the size of a pigeon, is frequent on riverbanks, lagoons and reservoirs with abundant vegetation where it goes unnoticed. It is usually located when it flies from one bank to another, or by its song. More frequent in spring and summer, in winter most of the specimens migrate to Africa. It feeds on small aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates and can be found throughout the region provided there is a suitable habitat. Its population is not very numerous, although the difficulty in spotting it prevents us from having sufficient data.

Little egret Egretta garzetta

This small heron is characterized by its entire white plumage. Its black bill and legs make it easily distinguishable from the cattle egret in the distance. It is relatively abundant and lives in wetlands with shallow banks, where it feeds on small fish, invertebrates and amphibians. The little egret is present all year round in the region and usually feeds alone. It nests in large trees, forming mixed colonies with other herons.

Night heron Nycticorax nycticorax

This medium sized heron is characterized by breeding in numerous colonies along with other heron species. Very colourful with its yellow legs and red eyes, it surprises us (or surprises her) on many days when we take a walk near Guadiana river. Relatively abundant, we can find it in Almaraz, Guadiana river from Orellana to Alqueva and in the same Orellana lake. This heron usually begins to hunt when the sun goes down.

Purple heron Ardea purpurea

Slightly smaller than the grey heron, it is infinitely more rare and very elusive, so sighting it is a cause for joy. In Extremadura it is very localized, being zones of breeding and therefore good places for its sighting the own city of Merida, the dam of Badajoz, the river Zújar, the reservoir of Alqueva and Almaraz lake. Although it’s one of the waterfowl of Extremadura more difficult to see, we can see it relatively often along Guadiana River.

Squacco heron Ardeola ralloides

The same size as the frequent cattle egret, it differs from it mainly by its colors, having a blue beak and an ochre back. Like most of its relatives, it feeds on small fish, invertebrates, amphibians… It is a very rare waterfowl of Extremadura, with its main population centres in Orellana, Sierra Brava, Los Canchales, Azud de Badajoz and especially Almaraz. We can observe it from april to september mainly.

Western cattle egret Bubulcus ibis

This bird probably is not a typical waterfowl of Extremadura, probably I should have included in Mediterranean mountain bird section, but I will keep here because it will be easier to find. It has a white plumage, although It has also orange feathers on their head and neck in the nuptial season. Its presence is much less linked to the aquatic environment than that of other herons, although it usually breeds in colonies near bodies of water. It is very typical to see flocks of these birds among livestock, in pastures and grasslands, feeding on both invertebrates and small vertebrates. Its population is in clear expansion, being able to find it all over the region.

White Stork Ciconia ciconia

Unlike the black stork, the white stork is becoming more common, and a greater percentage of them stay in the region for the winter each year. It typically nests in the bell towers of villages, in the countryside it uses tall trees, electricity pylons, abandoned buildings… any platform high enough with difficult access to predators is valid for it. Although it typically moves through aquatic ecosystems, it is able to take advantage of grasslands and farming areas also to feed on small vertebrates.

Waders

Black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa

A wader of considerable size (it can have a wingspan of more than 70 cm), its population is in clear decline, both in Extremadura and throughout Europe. The rice fields of the Guadiana plains are an excellent area to observe it, since a significant number of individuals stop there during their prenuptial migration between January and March.

Black-winged stilt Himantopus himantopus

This miniature stork is a joy to watch in many wetlands of the community. In addition to rivers and reservoirs, it frequents the rice fields of the province of Badajoz, where it finds all kinds of invertebrates. They are quite frequent and very noisy so we will have no problem in locating it. The best areas to observe it are the reservoir of Arroyo Conejos, Alange, La Albuera, Orellana, Sierra Brava, Los Canchales and Azud de Badajoz.

Collared pratincole Glareola pratincola

The collared pratincole is a medium-sized wader that in flight reminds us of a large swallow. Cream-coloured, very pretty and striking, especially in spring, it emits a noisy song when moving in a group. They feed on insects in flight, and can be seen in the area of Llerena and Azuaga, Alange reservoir, la Albuera, Orellana, Sierra Brava and Los Canchales lagoons. Their reproduction is greatly affected by the level of the reservoirs because they like to breed on the islands.

Common greenshank Tringa nebularia

It is the largest of the greenshanks inhabiting the region, of good size and long legs. Its colouring is quite light and its beak is very slightly curved upwards. Wintering in Extremadura, it can be seen during the coldest months in the reservoirs of Cornalvo and Los Canchales, and occasionally in other shallow wetlands. It feeds on invertebrates and occasionally on small fry.

Common redshank Tringa totanus

Slightly smaller than a pigeon, and browner in colour than a redshank. It has red legs and is found in shallow waters of rice fields, reservoir tails and temporary lagoons. There it feeds on aquatic invertebrates and can capture small amphibians and fry. It has a breeding population in some parts of the peninsula, but in Extremadura it hardly breeds at all and is considered a wintering bird. It is not very abundant in the region.

Common ringed plover Charadrius hiaticula

It is the only plover that does not breed on the peninsula, wintering on the peninsula and in the region. It has a large head and a short bill with which it feeds on small invertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic. In addition to its size, it is distinguished by its orange bill with a black tip. It is mainly coastal, but can be seen in  Sierra Brava, Cornalvo and Los Canchales reservoirs.

Common sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos

One of the smallest waders, lighter in colour and with shorter legs than the large sandpiper, lives in shallow wetlands. It is present in the region in winter, migrating in the breeding season towards the north, although it can occasionally reproduce. The common sandpiper feeds on small invertebrates that it captures on the surface or in muddy banks. It likes the banks of streams, rivers and reservoirs as long as they are sandy but with gravel and pebbles. It is not currently threatened, although it is not particularly abundant.

Common snipe Gallinago gallinago

A small wader with incredible agility in flight, it comes to Extremadura only for the winter. Similar to a woodcock but with much more aquatic habits, it feeds on small invertebrates that it captures in shallow waters. It is also very common to see it in the rice fields of Las Vegas Altas. Relatively common in rivers, banks and wetlands, it is more abundant in the province of Badajoz. Its populations are in decline due to the loss of habitat in its breeding areas and because its a waterfowl of Extremadura that has hunting pressure.

Curlew sandpiper Calidris ferruginea

It stands out for its white obiscile and its reddish plumage during the nuptial season. It is not an abundant species on the Peninsula, where we can find passing or wintering specimens. More abundant in the province of Badajoz, it can be found in practically any wetland. It is often found in mixed groups together with sandpipers.

Dunlin Calidris alpina

A small, slender-legged, long-billed wader that usually runs along the silty banks of lakes and reservoirs. Present in Extremadura during the winter months, it feeds on small invertebrates. Also quite coastal in its habits, it is nevertheless at home in marshy areas, wetlands and other inland aquatic ecosystems. It is more abundant in the province of Badajoz and is currently not endangered.

Eurasian curlew Numenius arquata

It is the largest of the waders in Extremadura, unmistakable because of its long curved beak. Its plumage is light brown with dark spots and its whitish belly. It feeds on slimy shores and rice fields of aquatic invertebrates. There is no established population, sightings are occasional and always in winter. As its populations are so fluctuating, it is difficult to determine a more suitable area for sightings, however Sierra Brava and Cubilar reservoirs and Las Vegas Altas are interesting spots.

European golden plover Pluvialis apricaria

The size of a dove, this wader visits the region in large flocks in the winter season. Speckled yellowish-brown with a short beak, it feeds on worms and other invertebrates on plains and waterlogged meadows. It is often seen in mixed flocks with lapwings. In spring it returns to more northern countries to breed. Los Llanos de Cáceres, Las Vegas Altas and La Serena host important populations of several thousand individuals each.

Green sandpiper Tringa ochropus

Small wader characterised by its strong contrast between its white belly and dark brown back. Its bill is slender and long, adapted for catching invertebrates in shallow water. Its legs are slender, greyish-green and it has a characteristic wagging tail and body swaying movement. Wintering in the region, it is distributed in all types of inland waters with a positive population trend. It can be confused with the common sandpiper, but it is well differentiated because the light spot on the belly is smaller and does not go up to the beginning of the wings.

Grey plover Pluvialis squatarola

This species of plover is much less abundant than the golden plover, but it also visits us during the winter. Either on migratory passages or because it hibernates in the Iberian Peninsula, we can observe it between October and March approximately. Like the dorado, its breeding plumage is much more striking, although we cannot normally see it with its plumage, as it breeds in northern Europe and Asia. More common in coastal areas, it can be seen in different wetlands in Extremadura.

Jack snipe Lymnocryptes minimus

The smallest of the snipe, although its populations are rather scarce, it visits Extremadura every winter. It is most likely to be seen in the province of Badajoz, although during its migrations it can be seen throughout the region. It feeds on small invertebrates that it captures on the edges of wetlands or sufficiently damp ground. When we surprise it and it takes flight, it emits a very characteristic song.

Kentish plover Charadrius alexandrinus

Another wader with very coastal habits, but which can also be seen in the region. It is easily identified from other plovers by its red beret. Rare in the region, it rarely breeds in Extremadura, although in winter it is easier to see specimens from European countries. It feeds on small invertebrates, both insects and worms, and is classified as vulnerable.

Little ringed plover Charadrius dubius

Small wader characterized by its black collar and mask and a bright yellow eye ring. It usually walks along the silty banks of ponds and streams where it feeds on small invertebrates. It nests on rocky shores and islands where there is gravel and sand and during the cold season it migrates to Africa. This plover is not particularly threatened, although habitat loss and nest predation affect its populations negatively.

Little stint Calidris minuta

It is the smallest wader in the region, and is characterised by its black legs and bill. The underparts are white and the back is mottled brown. It feeds mainly on aquatic invertebrates and although it is an eminently coastal bird, it can be found in the region during the winter. The reservoirs of Sierra Brava, Cornalvo and Los Canchales are frequently visited by these sandpipers, whose population has been fairly stable in recent years.

Marsh sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis

An occasional wader in the region, it is characterized by its greenish legs. It feeds on small invertebrates in shallow waters. Its wintering area is mainly in the African continent, and during this migration we can observe some specimens in Extremadura. The best places to observe them are the Montijo reservoir and Vegas Altas del Guadiana.

Pied avocet Recurvirrostra avosetta

Similar in size to the black-winged stilt, although much scarcer, it is one of the most striking waders because of its contrasting black and white plumage. It occasionally visits the region in winter, having been sighted mainly at Sierra Brava and Orellana reservoirs. In winter, some specimens come from more northerly areas, making them easier to spot.

Red knot Calidris canutus

Rare in our territory, we can observe it occasionally during the winter or during the passage season. It has a predilection for large beaches and sandy or muddy marshes, with little vegetation. It feeds mainly on invertebrates found along the shores of lagoons and reservoirs. During the breeding season it has bright colors with reddish tones, but when it visits our territory it has a fairly uniform gray color, darker on the back. It also has a pale eyebrow and striations on the sides of the chest.

Ruff Philomachus pugnax

Relatively large wader, the size of a partridge that frequents natural wetlands and shallow reservoir banks. It is characterised by a very striking nuptial cortege in which the males display feathered plumes and dance. With its long, fine and robust bill, it feeds on aquatic invertebrates during winter. It breeds in Arctic and sub-Arctic areas and its population is quite threatened in the Iberian Peninsula. Very scarce in Extremadura, we can locate it during the migratory passage in the lagoons of the Albuera.

Sanderling Calidris alba

It breeds at really high latitudes, being one of the waders whose breeding area is furthest north. It spends the winter in mid-latitudes, especially in western European countries such as Spain, France, the United Kingdom and Ireland. A part of the population reaches Africa, which is why in the Iberian Peninsula and in Extremadura we can find wintering or passage populations. White and grey in winter, it is not rare (although not frequent) in Extremadura, although the bulk of the population tends to live in coastal areas.

Spotted redshank Tringa erythropus

Infrequent in the region, although it is usually seen in the migratory passages in autumn and spring. Like the common redshank, the legs are red or orange and it has a darker color than the common redshank, almost black in nuptial plumage. It is mainly coastal, although it can inhabit inland wetlands and rice fields. In the region we can observe it in the Albuera, the Canchales and the Vegas Altas, feeding on invertebrates associated with the aquatic environment.

Temminck’s stint Calidris temminckii

A rare species both on the Iberian Peninsula and in Extremadura, which can occasionally be seen during its migration. It breeds in northern Europe and Asia, moving to Africa to spend the winter. It likes all types of humid areas where it can be seen alone or in small flocks. Small size, discreet plumage and also discreet habits, as it is not usually seen together with other waders.

Wood sandpiper Tringa glareola

It is a very stylized wader with longer legs than other sandpipers. It breeds in northern Europe and Asia and in winter migrates to Africa, so in the peninsula it is usually found passing through. Sporadically it can be wintering and we can locate it in shallow wetlands, where it feeds on invertebrates, mainly insects. The destruction of its wintering habitat has caused it to decline in recent decades.

Passerines associated with the aquatic environment.

Bearded reedling Panurus biarmicus

It is not a very abundant bird in the region but there are sedentary populations that inhabit the region throughout the year. It is usually found in wetlands, with large areas of reeds, bulrushes, cattails…. The bearded reedling usually feeds on their edges and is a rather shy bird. It is not easy to see and the male is characterized by two black spots that resemble a mustache, hence its name. There are populations in the Almaraz reservoir, the banks of the Guadiana and in the small reservoirs near Arroyo de la Luz.

Common grasshoper warbler Locustella naevia

Slightly smaller than a sparrow, its mottled brown plumage blends in perfectly with the marshy vegetation it inhabits. It feeds on small insects and spiders, and is present in Extremadura only during its migratory passages. The Arrocampo reservoir is the best place to observe it, both in spring and autumn. In Spain it only breeds on the Cantabrian coast and likes to frequent wetlands and riverbanks with dense marsh vegetation.

Common kingfisher Alcedo atthis

This small but beautiful bird shows incredible skills for fishing small fish and tadpoles. I have decided to include it among the waterfowl for the same reason as the dipper. It swoops for its prey and is able to dive with great skill. It inhabits all kinds of wetlands in the region, always with a minimum quality of water and in winter the population increases due to the migration of individuals from northern countries.

Common reed bunting Emberiza shoeniclus

Although there are small breeding nuclei in the Iberian Peninsula, the specimens we can see in Extremadura are always wintering, coming from central and northern Europe. Brownish on the back and whitish on the belly, the male has a striking black head during the nuptial period. They usually move in flocks in areas of reeds, cattails and other marsh vegetation and are very clearly identified by their song, similar to a whistle. They usually seek the edges of crops where they feed mainly on seeds.

Common waxbill Strilda astrild

Originally from Africa, the common waxbill or common strilda is an invasive species that has been permanently inhabiting the peninsula for several years now. Very small size, usually lives in flocks of dozens of specimens in areas of marsh vegetation. It feeds on small seeds and occasionally on insects. It can be found in more and more marshy areas, mainly in the province of Badajoz.

Eurasian penduline tit Remiz pendulinus

The size of a goldfinch, it is easily identified by its black mask, grey head, reddish-brown back and pink belly. It lives in banks with abundant marshy vegetation, reeds, swords, bulrushes… The Almaraz reservoir is one of the best places to observe it, as well as Las Vegas Altas del Guadiana. It feeds on insects and other invertebrates and is present all year round in the region. In winter many specimens arrive from northern countries and their populations are slightly increasing.

Eurasian reed warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus

Small bird with very discreet colours that inhabits the banks of rivers and streams with abundant marsh vegetation. It stands out for its powerful song and feeds mainly on invertebrates. It is most abundant in the province of Badajoz and the best places to observe it are Guadiana dam and river Caya in Badajoz, Vegas Altas and Almaraz. At the end of summer it migrates to Africa and is not currently threatened.

Great reed warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus

It is the largest of the peninsula’s warblers, slightly larger than a sparrow and characterised by its peculiar song. With a greyish-brown or greenish back and a lighter belly, its habitat is very similar to that of the common reed warbler. Like the reed warbler, it migrates to Africa in summer and is not endangered, although it is slightly less abundant than its companion. It feeds mainly on invertebrates, although outside the breeding season it may eat small fruits and seeds.

Grey wagtail Motacilla cinerea

Very similar in appearance to the western yellow wagtail, it differs from this one in that in addition to the beret, it also has a bluish-grey back, and it also has a black throat. It is closely linked to continuous and clean water currents, which is why it is more common in the north of Cáceres. It is present all year round in the breeding areas, and in the winter the region also receives specimens from more northern countries. The grey wagtail also feeds on small invertebrates and its state of conservation is good.

Red avadavat Amandava amandava

This passerine is one of those present in this block that are not native to this country. Its populations probably arose from releases or escapes, as they are birds widely used as pets. It has adapted very well to the plains near the aquatic environment, taking refuge in reeds, cattails and shrubs and other riparian vegetation. They present a clear sexual dimorphism, being the males of very showy red colors and the females gray with reddish obispillo. They tend to adapt very well to anthropic environments, they are hardly afraid of humans.

Savi’s warbler Locustella luscinioides

Similar to the common grasshoper warbler, it differs from the latter in that it has more reddish colors, without stripes and a more rounded tail. Quite shy, it is only seen when it is singing. In Extremadura there are some resident populations and lives in areas of reeds and cattails. Almaraz or the banks of the Guadiana are 2 points where we could observe it. It also feeds on small invertebrates, always near wetlands.

Sedge warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus

This small bird mimics incredibly well and is quite difficult to spot. Present in the region during migratory passages, there is no stable population in Extremadura throughout the year. Present in humid areas with a lot of marsh vegetation, it is characterized by a dark crown and a pale eyebrow. Common in central and northern Europe, it migrates to Africa in winter and it is during this migration when we can observe it making a stopover in our country. Rare in Extremadura, we can observe it both in the wetlands of Cáceres and Badajoz.

Village weaver Ploceus cucullatus

The size of a sparrow, this passerine, originally from sub-Saharan Africa, has recently become established in Extremadura, where it currently has a stable population. In their original habitat they live in a wide variety of open and semi-open habitats, but in Extremadura they are usually seen in areas of reeds, rushes and bulrushes. However, as they feed on seeds, they are also closely associated with crop fields.

White-throated dipper Cinclus cinclus

About the size of a blackbird but a little more chubby and with a white chest. Perhaps it is not the most appropriate to include it among waterfowl of Extremadura, but I have decided to do so, as I have divided it by habitat. It lives mainly in the well-preserved rivers north of Cáceres, with clean waters, where it captures underwater invertebrates. We can also observe it in the area of Guadalupe and near  Gabriel y Galán reservoir.

Western yellow wagtail Motacilla flava

Small bird typical of wetlands, irrigated meadows and riverbanks. It is also used to move among the cattle and stands out because of its grey beret, its olive yellow back and its bright yellow belly. It feeds on small insects and invertebrates and is frequently observed on its migratory passages, although some couples manage to reproduce. Not very common in the region, Los Llanos de Cáceres is one of the areas where we can most easily observe it. In winter it migrates to Africa.

White wagtail Motacilla alba

The size of a sparrow, it is characterized by its long tail and its white, black and gray tones. It frequents riverbanks, the banks of reservoirs and irrigated crops, feeding on small invertebrates. Present all year round in Extremadura, it is more frequent in winter. During the winter it tends to concentrate in large roosts in urban parks. It is very adaptable to different environments and its population is not threatened.

Yellow-crowned bishop Euplectes afer

Invasive in nature, its populations have increased greatly in recent years throughout the Guadiana basin. It adapts very well to areas with riverside vegetation such as reeds, rushes, bulrushes, but also to rice fields. This colourful bird has marked sexual dimorphism during the breeding season, when the males are black and bright yellow. It feeds mainly on seeds, but in the breeding season invertebrates become an important part of its diet.

Zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata

The finch, also known as the mandarin finch or zebra finch, is a species introduced in the region, originally from Oceania. Its use as a pet has meant that it is now present in many countries around the world, with ever-increasing populations. It is highly adaptable to different environments, although it is usually associated to marshy areas. It groups together in flocks of several dozen specimens and feeds mainly on seeds.

Zitting cisticola Cisticola juncidis

It is one of the smallest birds on the peninsula, brown in colour with dark spots on the back and a whitish belly. It inhabits areas of marshy vegetation, crops and riverbanks. Present all year round in Extremadura, it feeds on small insects and other invertebrates. It can be identified by its undulating flight, which is usually accompanied by a characteristic song. It is distributed throughout the region, although La Serena, Orellana, Los Canchales and Los Llanos de Cáceres are the best places to observe it.

Ralids and other waterfowl of Extremadura

Baillon’s crake Porzana pusilla

It is the smallest crake and its sightings are very rare in the region. Most of them take place in the province of Badajoz. It can mainly be seen during migratory passes, as part of the European population migrates to Africa or to our country to spend the winter. This bird has a predilection for damp areas with shallow water and low but dense vegetation, where it can take refuge. It feeds mainly on aquatic invertebrates, complementing its diet with plants: stems, algae…

Black-headed gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus

A small gull, it is characterized by its dark chocolate head in its summer plumage. We can observe it in big reservoirs, rivers with slow currents, crops and rice fields. It is very abundant waterfowl of extremadura, especially in winter, staying a few specimens in summer to reproduce. It usually moves in numerous and very noisy flocks and feeds on small animals, both vertebrates and invertebrates. The black-headed gull is distributed throughout the region.

Black tern Chlidonias niger

A very rare species both in the Iberian Peninsula and in Extremadura, where it can be seen as a passage bird but not as a breeder. Small in size, like the whiskered tern, it is characterized by its dark color bordering on black during the breeding season, turning to grayer tones in summer. Normally we can observe it both in migratory passage and in winter in different reservoirs of the region, although sometimes we can also observe non-breeding specimens in summer. It feeds mainly on invertebrates and small fish.

Common gull Larus canus

Of medium size, it is a regular wintering bird on the peninsula, mainly on the coasts. A percentage of individuals go inland, mainly to large reservoirs, and it is in these that it can be seen in Extremadura. It is not particularly abundant and is intermediate in size between the smaller black-headed and mediterranean and other larger birds such as the lesser black-backed or yellow-legged. In addition to its size, it is easily identified by its white “mirrors” on the tips of its outer primaries. It feeds on small vertebrates and invertebrates associated with the aquatic environment.

Common moorhen Gallinula chloropus

The size of a partridge, this dark blue, almost black, pale is easily identified by its red beak with a yellow tip. It frequents all types of wetlands as long as there is little current and abundant marsh vegetation. Present throughout the year in the region, it also frequents the rice fields of Las Vegas Altas. With a great capacity to adapt, it’s also a very common waterfowl of Extremadura and feeds on both plant material and invertebrates associated with the aquatic environment.

Common tern Sterna hirundo

It is the most common of the terns in the Iberian Peninsula, however in Extremadura it is not very common and can be observed mainly during migratory passages. Its characteristic red bill and black beret make it easily identifiable. Its song is also very characteristic and at the end of summer it is usually grouped in large flocks. In Extremadura it can be seen mainly in large rivers and reservoirs, feeding on small fish and invertebrates.

Eurasian coot Fulica atra

Matte black, with a white beak and forehead, it is one of the most common waterfowl of Extremadura’s wetlands. Frequent in reservoirs, lagoons and wetlands in which it makes floating nests with the vegetation present there. Present all year round in Extremadura, it feeds on aquatic invertebrates and plants. It is not a particularly demanding species in terms of choice of habitat and its populations are widely distributed.

Great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo

It is one of the most common waterfowl of Extremadura but also in the world. It is adapted to both marine and terrestrial ecosystems and in Extremadura its populations have grown exponentially. Large and black, it feeds mainly on fish, but also on other aquatic vertebrates. It has a predilection for large reservoirs in which it finds large numbers of small fish, although it can also be seen in smaller bodies of water.

Gull-billed tern Gelochelidon nilotica

The size of a pigeon but with thin and long wings, it is characterized by its black head, beak and legs. It frequents aquatic ecosystems such as reservoirs in which it breeds on islands devoid of vegetation, but we can also see it in meadows and crops. For example Orellana, Sierra Brava and Los Canchales reservoirs are good spots to see it. A summer bird in Extremadura, it migrates to Africa to spend the winter. It feeds on small vertebrates and some invertebrates, not necessarily associated with the aquatic environment.

Lesser black-backed gull Larus fuscus

A large gull with dark grey wings and a yellow beak, with a red spot on the underside. Frequent in reservoirs, dumps, crop fields… it has a great capacity to adapt. This waterfowl is very numerous in winter, but does not breed in the region. It feeds on all kinds of small vertebrates and invertebrates, as well as waste in rubbish dumps. It is distributed throughout the region and its population is on the rise thanks to its adaptability. One of the most common gulls and waterfowl of Extremadura.

Little crake Porzana parva

Very rare both on the Peninsula and in the region, it can be seen during the summer season, as it hibernates in Africa. Its shyness and rarity make it very difficult to observe. In Extremadura it can be seen mainly in some reed beds along the banks of the Guadiana. It has a predilection for areas of stagnant water and abundant vegetation: reeds, rushes, bulrushes, cattails… Similar to baillon’s crake (much more abundant), it differs mainly in that it has a red spot at the base of its beak and an olive-brown back (Baillon’s crake has a reddish-brown back). It feeds on invertebrates, almost always associated with the aquatic environment.

Little tern Sternula albifrons

It is the smallest of the terns, characterized by its long wings and forked tail that give it extreme agility. It is very curious to see the way it feeds, swooping from a considerable height to capture small fish. This tern breeds on the ground in small colonies, especially in Alange and Canchales lakes. Present in most of the reservoirs in the province of Badajoz, in winter it migrates to Africa.

Mediterranean gull Larus melanocephalus

Much less common than the Black-headed Gull, it is often found in mixed flocks with them, with which it is easily confused. It can be seen in practically all the reservoirs and wetlands of the region. The mediterranean has a more intense red bill and the primary feathers of the wings are black in the black-headed, while white in the mediterranean. Both have black or very dark heads in summer plumage, but the mediterranean is usually slightly larger. They tend to gather in groups and feed on invertebrates and small fish.

Spotted crake Porzana porzana

There is no stable resident population in Extremadura, although it can be observed with a certain regularity in the migratory passages. An important part of the European population migrates to Africa in winter, spending some time in the Peninsula and the region. Slightly larger than the other two crakes present in the community, it is also distinguished by its white patches on its breast. Also linked to the aquatic environment, it does not depend so much on “stable” wetlands and can adapt to any temporary waterlogged area. It feeds on both plants and small invertebrates.

Yellow-legged gull Larus michahellis

It is one of the most common gulls on the coasts of the Iberian Peninsula, although not so common inland. It is a large gull and in Extremadura it can be seen throughout the main rivers and lakes of Tajo and Guadiana basins. This gull feeds on all kinds of small animals, and is also very common in the vicinity of rubbish dumps. It can be seen throughout the year in the region, being more abundant in winter. It differs from the Lesser Black-backed Gull in its larger size and its back, which is lighter in colour in the Yellow-legged Gull.

Water rail Rallus aquaticus

Another one of the pale ones present in the region, the size of a common moorhen, but with a longer red beak and the most vivid colours. It has a brown back with black spots and a metallic blue chest and belly. Frequent in wetlands, rice fields, canals and ditches, provided there is abundant marsh vegetation. It is present throughout the year and feeds on both small vertebrates and invertebrates. More common in the province of Badajoz, it is not particularly threatened, although it is not abundant either due to its specific habitat requirements.

Western swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio

This large bird of the ralid family was on danger of extinction due to loss of habitat and high hunting pressure. However, the efforts made for its protection and its great capacity of recovery have contributed to the fact that today it is a settled species, even abundant in some wetlands of the community. The best spots for its sighting are Almaraz reservoir, the city of Badajoz itself, Los Canchales reservoir and Guadiana river between Merida and Badajoz. It’s one of the most beautiful waterfowl of Extremadura.

Whiskered tern Chlidonias hybrida

Slightly smaller than a turtledove, but with longer and thinner wings, it is easily identified by its black hood with red beak and legs. It feeds on insects and other aquatic invertebrates, and usually hunts in small groups. They build floating nests with branches in wetlands and dammed waters, and in late summer they migrate to Africa. We can observe it in Alange, Sierra Brava, Los Canchales reservoirs and Albuera lagoons.

Thanks to Manuel Martín, Alvaro de las Heras  Olivecobirding, Mariano Cordero and Isaac Fernández Galisteo for the pictures of these waterfowl of Extremadura.